Organic Funciones orgánicas
Each organic function is defined by a specific functional group — the set of atoms that gives the molecule its characteristic chemical behavior. Pick a function below to see the definition, general formula, naming rule, properties, applications and worked examples.
Busca el patrón estructural repetido. C=C indica un alqueno; C≡C, un alquino; C=O al final de una cadena, un aldehído; y C=O entre carbonos, una cetona. Los heteroátomos también ayudan: -OH sugiere un alcohol, -COOH un ácido carboxílico, -COO- un éster, -O- un éter, -NH₂ una amina, and -CONH₂ una amida.
Mapa comparativo
A molecular formula can be shared by different compounds. What defines the function is connectivity: which atoms are bonded, and what type of bond connects them.
| Función | Characteristic group | Useful behavior clue | Known example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkane | single C–C | nonpolar and relatively unreactive | propane |
| Alkene | C=C | addition and polymerization | ethene |
| Alkyne | C≡C | linear geometry and addition | ethyne |
| Alcohol | R–OH | hydrogen bonding | ethanol |
| Aldehyde | R–CHO | terminal carbonyl and easy oxidation | ethanal |
| Ketone | R–CO–R' | internal carbonyl and solvent behavior | propanone |
| Carboxylic acid | R–COOH | acidity and hydrogen-bonded dimers | ethanoic acid |
| Ester | R–COO–R' | hydrolysis and characteristic aromas | ethyl ethanoate |
| Ether | R–O–R' | accepts, but does not donate, H | ethoxyethane |
| Amine | R–NH₂ / R₂NH / R₃N | basicity and protonation | methanamine |
| Amide | R–CONH₂ | resonance and peptide bonds | ethanamide |
| Halide | R–X | substitution and elimination | chloromethane |
Por qué importa la función
El grupo funcional cambia la polaridad, el punto de ebullición, la solubilidad, la acidez, la basicidad y la reactividad. That is why ethanol and ethyl ethanoate, even though both contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, differ greatly in odor, miscibility, and reactions.
- Identify the functional group in the structure.
- Compare its polarity and intermolecular interactions.
- Learn the suffix when it is principal and prefixes when it is not.
- Test a structure in the simulator and inspect the name breakdown.
Orden de prioridad (IUPAC)
When a molecule has more than one functional group, only one becomes the suffix (the "main group") — the others become prefixes. The priority order, from highest to lowest, is:
- Carboxylic acids
- Esters
- Amides
- Nitriles
- Aldehydes
- Ketones
- Alcohols / Phenols
- Amines
- Ethers
Sulfonic acids and acyl halides are also important acid derivatives. Simple halides are always prefixes, never suffixes. See the full detail in nomenclatura IUPAC.
Construye una molécula en el simulador →